Iranian Space Launch Vehicles (Simorgh / Qaem-100)

Iran's indigenous satellite launch vehicles with dual-use military implications as the technology is directly transferable to intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The Simorgh (Phoenix) is a two-stage liquid-fuel space launch vehicle with a height of 27 metres, capable of placing approximately 250 kg into low Earth orbit (LEO). First successful orbital launch in 2022. Qaem-100 is a solid-fuel satellite launcher developed by the IRGC, achieving its first successful orbital launch in 2023 with a military reconnaissance satellite. Both systems demonstrate Iran's advancing rocket propulsion, guidance, and staging technology — capabilities that directly translate to long-range ballistic missiles. Western intelligence agencies assess that Iran could develop an ICBM capability (5,500+ km range) within 1-2 years if a political decision were made, using technology proven in these space programmes. The satellite launches provide Iran with indigenous reconnaissance capability, reducing dependence on foreign imagery. The space programme remains controversial internationally as it validates technologies banned under UN Security Council Resolution 2231 (subsequently expired).