CSBC Hai Kun Class Submarine

Taiwanese indigenous diesel-electric submarine representing unprecedented domestic achievement and critical asymmetric capability against Chinese invasion. Hai Kun class (Indigenous Defense Submarine programme) overcame decades of foreign refusal to export submarines with first boat SS-711 launched 2023 and sea trials 2026. Features conventional diesel-electric propulsion, AIP potentially for extended submerged operations, modern combat system with US assistance, torpedoes and anti-ship missiles, approximately 2,500-3,000 tonne displacement. Programme initially planned 8 submarines with first commissioning expected late 2020s. Critical for sea denial threatening Chinese invasion fleet, commerce raiding, intelligence gathering. Demonstrates Taiwanese determination for critical capabilities despite foreign obstacles. However, significant technical risks given lack of submarine construction experience. Foreign assistance (unacknowledged) likely for critical technologies. Represents cornerstone of asymmetric "porcupine strategy" denying China easy victory.