Shavit 2 Space Launch Vehicle

Israel's indigenous satellite launch vehicle, a solid-fuel multi-stage rocket that also demonstrates Israel's potential intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capability. The Shavit (Comet) is uniquely launched westward over the Mediterranean (opposite to most SLVs which launch eastward for Earth's rotational boost) to avoid overflying hostile neighbouring states — accepting a significant payload penalty for operational security. The Shavit 2 upgraded variant can place approximately 350 kg into low Earth orbit using three solid-fuel stages derived from the Jericho ballistic missile programme. Israel has used the Shavit to launch multiple Ofeq reconnaissance satellites, providing independent strategic intelligence. While officially a civilian space launcher, the Shavit's solid-fuel technology, rapid launch preparation, and mobile launcher capability are directly applicable to a road-mobile ICBM with estimated range exceeding 7,000 km. Israel maintains a policy of nuclear ambiguity regarding its strategic deterrent capabilities.